India Justice Report: Two-thirds of India’s prisoners are undertrials

Rights: The India Justice Report 2020 ranked Maharashtra at the top in terms of justice delivery. An initiative of the Tata Trusts, the report looks at four aspects of justice delivery—police, judiciary, prisons, and legal aid.

Among the 18 large and mid-sized states, Maharashtra was followed by Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Punjab, and Kerala in terms of ranking. Among the seven small states (having less than 1 crore population each), Tripura emerged at the top, followed by Sikkim and Goa.

With respect to the judiciary, the overall representation of women improved in 20 states at the level of subordinate court judges. However, women comprise only 29 percent of the judges in the country. Over a two-year period, the share of women judges in the high courts increased marginally from 11 percent to 13 percent, while in the subordinate courts, it went up from 28 percent to 30 percent.

In terms of prisons, two-thirds of the country’s prison inmates are undertrial prisoners. Also, in the last 25 years, only 1.5 crore people received legal aid, though 80 percent of the country’s population is entitled to it.

Fundraising & Communications: The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has issued a circular extending the validity of FCRA registration certificates to September 30th, 2021. This applies to all FCRA licences that have expired or will expire between September 29th, 2020 and May 31st, 2021. The decision to extend the deadline has been driven by the exigencies arising from the COVID-19 situation.

FCRA refers to the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act 2010, which permits charitable organisations based in India to raise funds from foreign sources.

The order also clarified that nonprofits that have already opened an account and have the requisite permission to receive foreign aid, can henceforth receive it only in these newly-opened accounts.

The FCRA law was amended in September 2020 to include a clause that mandated that all nonprofits receiving foreign aid must necessarily open an account in State Bank of India’s New Delhi Main Branch. The government had initially set the deadline for this account opening as March 31st, 2021; it later extended it to June 30th, 2021 after several nonprofits argued in court that there had been delays because necessary approvals from MHA had not been received.

Several organisations have not been able to receive foreign funds during the crisis caused by the second wave, and this has impacted their COVID-19 relief efforts. Relaxing the foreign funding rules could significantly help organisations ramp up their operations to help individuals, supply critical healthcare equipment, and respond to communities in rural areas.

Read this article to know how amending the FCRA can have unforeseen implications.

Philanthropy & CSR: The Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) has issued a circular that allows corporate spending on health infrastructure for COVID-19 care to qualify as corporate social responsibility (CSR) expenditure.

This includes setting up medical oxygen generation and storage plants, manufacturing and supply of oxygen concentrators, ventilators, cylinders, and other medical equipment to counter COVID-19.  

The announcement comes at a time when all efforts are being directed towards expediting efforts to support the country’s healthcare infrastructure.

According to the circular, companies can now undertake projects and activities in collaboration with other companies using CSR funds. Additionally, they can contribute to specified research and development projects, as well as publicly funded universities and certain organisations that conduct research in science, technology, engineering, and medicine.

The government had earlier clarified that setting up makeshift hospitals and temporary COVID-19 care facilities would also be considered a CSR activity. Rajesh Verma, the Corporate Affairs Secretary, has requested businesses to consider converting vacant office buildings into COVID-19 facilities to cater to the rapidly increasing caseload.

Read this article to understand why media attention on COVID-19 deaths due to lack of oxygen in big cities has skewed donor priorities.