In 2014, the Government of India launched Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), a nation-wide campaign aiming to eradicate open defecation. With the first phase of the campaign drawing to a close, preliminary studies assessing toilet use show increased usage rates, with women leading the way in toilet usage.
Working together with Ideas42 and World Vision India, we at Oxford Policy Management designed and evaluated behavioural intervention to increase latrine usage in rural Bihar, which has some of the highest rates of open defecation in the country. Our Improving H.A.B.I.T (Households’ Attitudes and Behaviours to Improve Toilet use) study shows improved rates of toilet use in targeted districts in Bihar, which are largely attributable to the SBM and the work of Jeevika (self-help) groups in the state.
A clear gender pattern in toilet use is emerging – with more women likely to use toilets compared to men in rural India.
However, a clear gender pattern in toilet use is emerging – with more women likely to use toilets compared to men in rural India. In addition to our results from Bihar showing a significant increase in toilet usage among women in both treatment and control areas, studies from other states highlight the same pattern: in rural Punjab, 55% of men use toilets compared to 83% of women, while men are less likely to regularly use toilets amongst households with a functional toilet in Uttar Pradesh. However, it is important to note that the toilet use among women was found to be higher than among men from the beginning of our study.
Related article: Rural sanitation: A charter of demands
Exploring cultural norms
So far, most of the messaging in the Government’s Information Education and Communication (IEC) campaign has focused on women – appealing to the safety, privacy, security, and dignity of women in the family. In Bihar, the Jeevika (self-help) groups have played a central role in the mobilisation, awareness generation, and toilet construction efforts under the SBM campaign. While some have lauded the gender sensitive messaging and its success, this has also been perceived as leaving men behind. Our study echoes this trend, and interviews conducted with male members of the household revealed that men still prefer defecating in the open.
The lack of toilets in the fields, and other workplaces, further exacerbates open defecation rates among men in rural India. | Picture courtesy: Charlotte Anderson
While decisions regarding toilet construction are largely taken by male members of the household, they seldom prioritise their own toilet use. They decide who in the household must get priority in using the toilet, and that is quite often contained to the women and adolescents. Toilet usage is closely tied to gendered division of labour in the habitual, daily routines of the household – men wake up and leave for the fields or other workplace, and thus urinate and defecate in the open, while women use the toilets in the house. In addition, men seemed less concerned or inconvenienced by the lack of privacy, with some men even stating they prefer defecating at a site close to their houses so that they can save time on the way to work.
The choice to defecate in the open is closely linked to personal preferences.
The lack of toilets in the fields, and other workplaces, further exacerbates open defecation rates among men in rural India, with other reasons including habit, socialising occasions, and what is perceived as a more convenient option after an early morning start. In fact, almost half of those who defecate in the open think this practice is more comfortable and convenient.
Despite having a private latrine at home, the choice to defecate in the open is closely linked to personal preferences and a perceived convenience/time saving option. To successfully affect a change in behaviour among the men, future sanitation programming needs to resolve the lack of access to toilets in the workplace.
Related article: Moving beyond just building toilets
Recognising this problem, the Government issued guidelines in 2017 to all the states, aiming to refocus sanitation messaging around public health, life expectancy, and overall wellbeing of the household. While targeting women is a useful entry point, it is counter-productive to focus all the campaign on this as it reinforces gender roles and carries the risk of lack of ownership by the men. However, significant efforts are still needed to increase toilet use among men, including rebranding IEC campaigns and using other forums to engage them across all levels.
Way forward
The sustainability of the SBM campaign hinges on the ability of future interventions to continuously work towards improving toilet use among men and women, while also ensuring the continuity in the toilet use.
- Gender balanced approach: While the initial focus of the SBM campaign was on improving toilet use among the women and expecting them to influence the other members of the household, in the next phase, there is a need to broaden the focus to include men in the conversation and emphasise latrine use for the entire family and how this impacts public health outcomes for all.
- Access to toilets: Improving access to toilets for men at the workplace is one part of the problem. This needs innovation and solutions that consider community toilets for a cluster of few fields for those working in agriculture or mobile toilets maintained by the gram panchayat (an elected body managing governance at village level).
- Messaging around toilet use: As far as behavioural messaging is concerned, shifting the focus to define masculinity as including relieving oneself in private and using a variety of forums at the village level (village councils, night camps) to drive these messages will be useful in improving toilet use among men in the household.
This article has been written based on the author’s learnings from an evaluation study conducted for the 3ie-funded Improving HABIT intervention. It was originally published by Oxford Policy Management.
